Supplier Assessment And Screening For Good Environmental Performance Management Essay

Supplier Assessment And Screening For Good Environmental Performance Management Essay Abstract:- Suppliers assessment is a critical function within supply chain management . Green supplier assessment is also necessary for sustainable supply chain management. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate supplier performance using different methods. Since Environment protection has been concern to public in recent years,and the traditional supplier selection did not consider about this factor therefore, this paper introduces green criteria into the framework of supplier selection criteria. Index Terms:- Supply chain,Logistics. Introduction:- Logistics, or supply chain management, describe the transport, storage and handling of products as they move along the chain from the raw material source, through the production system to their final point of sale or consumption. However over the last 10 to 15 years environmental concerns have put companies under more and more pressure to address and reduce the environmental impact of their logistics operations. The adverse effects of distributing goods are diverse including impairing air quality, generating noise and vibration, causing accidents and contributing significantly to global warming. The effect of logistics and supply chain management on climate change has increased mainly because of the realisation that global warming presents a much greater and more immediate threat than previously thought. Freight transport is estimated to contribute roughly 8 per cent of energy-related CO2 emissions worldwide (Kahn Ribeiro and Kobayashi, 2007), however, making logistics sustainable in the longer term will involve more than just cutting carbon emissions. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is a fastest growing concept in developing countries and having its presence both in environment management and supply chain management literature. Adding the greendimension to supply chain management (SCM) involves addressing the influence and relationship between supply-chain management and the natural environment. Green supply chain management (GSCM) is generally understood to involve screening suppliers based on their environmental performance and doing business only with those that meet certain environmental regulations or standards. The green supply chain known at present refers to supply chain effect brought about by green products proposed by European Community in the 21st century. Although the focus on green logistics seems to be a recent phenomena there has been different research initiatives conducted over the past 40 years which attempted to address the environmental concerns. McKinnon (2010) discuss these under the following headings: Reducing freight transport externalities During the 1970s the focus, especially UK ,was on lorries that were much noisier And more polluting than is the case today. There was substantial growth of freight by Road and efforts were put in place to rationalise this freight ,tightening regulations On Emission levels,etc. In this way there were general reduction in transport Externalities. City Logistics Urban freight plays a vital role in th sustainable development of cities. There are, However, many challenges facing urban freight transport, including high levels of Traffic congestion,environmental impacts,high energy usage and labour problems This has led to research to what is now City logistics,a process to optimise urban Logistics within all different conditions that impact urban freight movements (Taniguchi et al.2001). The work in this area has led to modelling of city logistics, Demand and supply models,impact models,vehicle routing and scheduling,etc. All of These efforts contributed to addressing in the environmental issue. Reverse Logistics In a world of limite resources ,it becomes crirical that products such as white goods (washing tubs,stoves,fridges,etc.) are recovered. This has led to the extension of Logistics to include Reverse Logistics,which incorporates the flow of goods in both Directions. This development has a strong element of waste management and Sustainable development. The green suppliers can be the biggest assets to the organization but poor choice can make them biggest liability also. This paper, thus deals with issues related to supply. For vendor selection different model is proposed to show procedure involved and steps in software à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢super decisionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- are shown using windows for easy understanding. Literature review:- Green supplier management, has captured significant interest in the current literature (Lee et al., 2009; Hsu and Hu, 2009). Sphere of influence theory states that greening a supply chain is influenced greatly by focal companies that can effectively influence suppliers to engage in the GSC projects and act as better performers (Hall, 2001). Supplier selection is a multi-criteria problem which include analytic hierarchy process (AHP) (Akarte, (2001), Chan (2003)), Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) (Kuo(2007), Kahraman (2003)), case based ANP (Bayazit (2006), Gurpinar(2007)). Evaluation criteria for the supplier selection, may be tangible (measurable) or intangible (immeasurable). The criteria for supplier evaluation and selection were first proposed by Dickson (1966), who identified 23 different criteria, including quality, on-time delivery, price, performance history, warranty policy, technical capability and financial stability, and so on. Weber, Current, and Benton (1991) sur veyed the frequency of Dicksons 23 criteria and found that price, delivery, quality, and productive capability were mostly used to measure suppliers performance. Quality is considered the most decisive criterion for supplier selection (Weber et al., 1991). However, quality in itself is not sufficient to ensure that the suppliers can avoid extra costs while offering the right quality. From the literature we can develop a broad supplier assessment process model in the context of greening a supply chain that can be separated into three managerial decision phases: indentified suppliers, classifying criterias and evaluating suppliers based environmental performance, and select the best supplier. t methods of green supplier evaluation er many areas such as on-time delivery ,qualitycause an understanding ofa supplierlity Procedure:- There are different methods of green supplier evaluation. kjgjlgilggi;lglijhilk;hlkh;b. Analytic Heirarchical Process: U.S. operations researcher A. L. Saaty put forward the Analytical Hierarchy Process (referred to as the AHP method) in the 1970s; it is a decision analysis method which combine the qualitative and quantitative. It is a process which make decision-makers thought for a complex system modelling and quantitative. Applying this approach, decision-makers decompose the complex problem into a number of levels and a number of factors, through this way, make simple comparison and calculations between the factors, then we can get the weights of di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent programs, can provide the basis for the selection of the best option. As a tool combine the qualitative and quantitative,AHP has been widely used in many areas. Application procedures of AHP are as follows: Step 1 Con ¬Ã‚ rming problems. Step 2 Building hierarchy structure. Step 3 Establishing multiple comparisons judgment matrix. Step 4 Checking consistency. The consistency index of judgment matrix is CI (Consistency Index). Its expression is: CI = ÃŽÂ »max-n n-1 And the greater the value of consistency index CI is, the greater the degree of the judgment matrix deviate from complete consistency will be; the smaller the value of CI is, the closer the judgment matrix and complete consistency will be. Generally, the greater the order (n) of judgment matrix is, the greater the value of CI which shows the deviation from complete consistency caused by human will be; the smaller the n is, the smaller the value of CI which shows the deviation from complete consistency caused by human will be. In this paper, we use ANC to have consistency test. Step 5 Total taxis of hierarchy. Arranging weights which come from the factors in same level shows the relative importance of the top-level (overall objective); known as total taxis of hierarchy, this process is from high level to low level and step by step. The total taxis of hierarchy which come from the lowest level (program level) are the total order of all evaluation schemes. Analytic Network Process:- The Analytic Network Process (ANP) developed by Thomas Saaty, in his work on multi criteria decision making. It applies network structures with dependence and feedback, among the criteria, to complex decision making. It is an extension of his Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for decision making which involves breaking down a problem into its decision elements, arranging them in a hierarchical structure, making judgments on the relative importance of pairs of elements and synthesizing the results. ANP is combination of two parts: Network of criteria and sub criteria that control the interactions The network of influences of elements and clusters Hierarchies in AHP do not represent relationship among the levels. This shortcoming is removed in ANP feedback approach. For example, in AHP, importance of criteria determines the importance of alternatives but does not represent importance of alternatives may have impact on importance of criteria. Therefore linear structure of top to bottom is not applicable for a complex system. A feedback system is represented by a network where nodes correspond to levels or components. The structural difference between AHP and ANP is shown in Figure 1. The nodes in a cluster (level) may influence some or all the nodes in another cluster. Relationships in a network are represented by arcs and direction of arcs signifies dependency. Interdependency between two clusters is shown by two way arcs and inner dependencies are represented by loop arcs. Hierarchical (b) Network (a) (b) Figure 1: Structural Difference There can be many control criteria and sub criteria, these can be classified into four merits, namely, Benefits, Opportunities, Costs and Risks. For each control criterion of these B, O, C, R, one derives the priorities for alternatives of the decision with respect to all the significant influences that cause some of the alternatives to have higher priorities. After rating the top ranked alternative for each B, O, C, R, resulting weights are combined for each alternative of each merit to obtain the final answer in the form of priorities whose relative values are important in choosing the best alternative. Table 1 gives Saaty scale used for pair wise comparison matrix. Table 1 :Saaty Scale Used For Pair Wise Comparison Matrix Intensity of Importance Definition 1 Equal importance 3 Moderate importance of one over the other 5 Essential or strong importance 7 Very strong importance 9 Absolute importance 2,4,6,8 Intermediate Values Working of ANP:Supplier Selection: ANP BOCR Analytic network model, with BOCR is prepared as shown in Figure 2. The pair wise comparison matrices were made by taking opinion of the team. Calculations were performed by Super Decision software. Ranks of the alternatives are obtained and suppliers are selected. Supplier Selection Risks Costs Opportunities Benefits OD FS LS FR CC CD MBD PC LC ASC SC SD MC EC R PR V1 V2 V3 V4 Figure 2: Network model Table 2:Criteria for ANP Benefits Opportunities Costs Risks Response(R) Supplier collaboration(SC) Product cost(PC) Order delays(OD) Product Reliability(PR) Supplier development(SD) Logistics cost(LC) Field return(FR) Environmental Control(EC) Increase in manufacture capacity(MC) After sales cost(ASC) Financial strength(FS) Changes in demand(CD) Labour strikes(LS) Customer complaints(CC) Machine break down(MBD) Conclusion:- In the current scenario of global operating conditions and competitive environment, it has become highly necessary for organizations to select the best Green supplier. Any inaccurate selection of Green supplier will affect the companys overall performance. This shows that supplier selection procedure is a highly essential decision making process for companies. This paper endeavour to utilise AHP and ANP for ranking the potential suppliers and making the final selection.

Athenians and Spartans :: essays research papers

The Spartan and Athenian civilizations carried on conflict from 431 to 404 B.C. (Bunson 195). Twenty seven years of blood shed and fighting was carried on between these peoples and their allies that were involved. The first ten years of the war was fighting and often called the Archidamian War after the Spartan king Archidamus II, following the fighting was the Peace of Nicias in 421 B.C., after this was eight unstable years of peace and more fighting, followed by the Ionian War (Bunson1277). These two civilizations were nothing like each other however some of their warfare techniques must have been similar to have fought for so long. The Spartan civilization was one that focused on physical and military power rather than academics (Jones 153). While men were still young they were taken from their families and went to a school that taught military training. If any men didn’t participate in this training their citizenship was denied to them. By the 6th century B.C. the Spartan army was known as the most efficient fighting force in Greece, the army consisted of 5000 people which were all citizens (Jones 154). Sparta was able to do this because their farming was done by subservient workers known as â€Å"captives† who were forced to do work on the land (Jones 154). By doing this the citizens were able to be fully devoted to their military. Unlike the Spartan civilization that was so focused on the military the Athenians were more involved with bringing culture and art into their lives. They were famous for their pottery with geometric designs, they also created the first outlines of the human body which would later bring them artistic achievement (Meiggs 193). During the 7th century B.C. there was much emphasis put on the craftsmanship and handicraft work that was being developed (Meiggs 193). One known figure in Athens that increased the culture was Pisistratus an able politician, he was responsible for opening up the city to Ionian philosophical and artistic influences. Also he made the first recording of the Panathenaea, a major collection of religious worship. Also because of other abled politicians and generals such as Aristides, Cimon, and Pericles Athens prospered for 50 years in political, artistic, philosophical and financial spheres (Meiggs 192). However this changed when in 431 the Peloponnesian War began because of Sparta’s uneasiness with the expansion on Athens ( Meiggs 195). The Athenians and

Top Pay for Top Performance

Bates, S. (2003). Top pay for top performance. HR Magazine. Berglas, S. (2006). How to keep A players productive. Harvard Business Review. 1. Bates argues that in order to keep top performers satisfied and productive, there should be a substantial difference in the variable pay or merit-based salary increases that top performers and poor performers receive. Based on the available research (which is mentioned in the article), how big of an increase is needed to â€Å"catch anybody’s attention†? (1 point) . Assume that you were hired last year to work in HR for a large corporation. The corporation hired one of your classmates at the same time. Each of you were paid $40,000 in your first year on the job. You are one of the top performers in your company. Your classmate is an average performer. Your boss explains to you that finances are tight because of the recession, and that there is not a lot of money set aside for merit increases. However, your supervisor wants to rewa rd your hard work.Thus, he/she gives you a 4% salary increase compared to your classmate’s 2% increase. (2 points) a. In dollar amounts: i. How much of an annual gross increase did you receive? ii. How much does this amount to per week? iii. How much of an annual gross increase did your classmate receive? iv. How much does this amount to each week? v. How much more than your classmate do you get paid each week after the raises go into effect? b. How motivated are you to continue to perform at a high level? 3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of implementing a variable pay system that is linked to performance? (2 points) 4. Sometimes, the best performers are not motivated by money alone. What is it that some A players want in terms of compensation? (1 point) 5. What does Berglas recommend for keeping â€Å"A players† productive? (1 point) 6. Combine the recommendations from these two articles and create a compensation package for top performers and average perfo rmers. You may be creative, but your package should be realistic and should be motivating. (3 points)

Mike Roses Lives on the Boundary Essay - 1585 Words

Mike Roses Lives on the Boundary Mike Rose’s Lives on the Boundary is an Educational Autobiography. The book begins at the beginning of his life and we follow him up into his adult years. The book focuses on the â€Å"struggles and achievements of America’s educationally underprepared† . The Alien In order to understand Mike Rose, and his book Lives on the Boundary, you must first understand where Mike is coming from and examine his past. Mike was born to a first generation immigrant family, originally from Italy. He spent his early childhood in the mid-west and then in his latter childhood, parents not knowing any better, in East Los Angeles. Mike’s father suffered from arteriosclerosis. Neither Mike’s mother nor his father†¦show more content†¦Jack helped inspire the kids to think and to analyze what they were reading. Jack’s teachings stimulated Mike and he â€Å"started reading again as [he] hadn’t since elementary school† . Jack served as more than simply a great teacher to Mike. As all the other kids were applying to college and preparing for the future, Mike was planning on working and maybe taking some night classes after he graduated high school. But once Jack MacFarland caught wind of that foul idea, he made some calls and pulled some strings and got Mike into Loyola University, even if just as a probationary student. Whats more, when Mike was unsure of how he was going to pay for school, â€Å"Jack MacFarland was on the case† . He helped secure scholarships from Loyola and student loans to cover the cost of tuition. Jack helped open Mike’s eyes to a new and exciting world of knowledge. Jack showed him that there was much more, â€Å"provided a critical prospective on society, and it allowed [Mike] to act as though [he] were living beyond the limiting boundaries of South Vermont† . And soon enough, Mike would. Hearing the Words Mike’s second truly inspirational instructor was at Loyola University during a set of classes commonly referred to as the sophomore survey. For Dr. Frank Carothers, being a professor was â€Å"a profoundly social calling† . Frank was excited about what he taught and that excitement and love of the material caused interest and stimulation in his students. It was pure and primary forShow MoreRelated Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesLives on the Boundary by Mike Rose The book Lives on the Boundary, written by Mike Rose, provides great insight to what the new teaching professional may anticipate in the classroom. This book may be used to inform a teacher’s philosophy and may render the teacher more effective. Lives on the Boundary is a first person account composed of eight chapters each of which treat a different obstacle faced by Mike Rose in his years as a student and as an educator. More specifically in chapters oneRead MoreMike Rose s Life On The Boundary1042 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Lives on the Boundary† is a autobiography written by Mike Rose. In â€Å"Lives on the Boundary† Mike Rose describes his life, focusing heavily on his academic history. He explains from the start, how he was placed in the incorrect course due to a naming error in the school system. He then transitions to his years at university, and along the way he describes his mentors, acquaintances, and other people who influenced his life for the bette r. The three environmental factors that influenced Mike Rose’sRead MoreMulticulturalism in the United States Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pages Colleges and universities should emphasize the diverse culture we live in. This position can be validated through the passages written by Mike Roses Lives on the Boundary and Adrienne Richs What Does a Woman Need to Know. 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